in-vitro evaluation of microleakage at the cervical margin between two different class ii restorative techniques using dye penetration method

Objective: To evaluate the coronal microleakage of packable composite using conventional incremental and posterior bulk fill flowable composite using Smart Dentine Replacement Single Step technique in the cervical margins of class II cavities in dentine using the dye penetration method

Study Design: In-vitro Interventional study

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Operative Dentistry, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences [DIKIOHS], Karachi, from November 2012 to April 2013

Methodology: One hundred and twenty extracted teeth [molars and premolars] were collected and randomly divided into two experimental groups [n=60 each] and were stored in normal saline until used. Fractured samples were excluded. Standardized class II proximal box only cavities were prepared and restored with conventional methacrylate based composite using incremental technique [Group A, n=40] and low stress methacrylate resin based composite SDR using single step technique [Group B, n=40]. Samples were sectioned horizontally below the cervical margins and specimen disks were prepared. The specimens were thermocycled and sealed with acid resistant varnish leaving a 1-mm interface around cervical margin and immersed in 2% methylene blue buffered solution for 24 hours. Leakage was scored 0 - 4 and measured in mm. It washed and sectioned to evaluate under stereomicroscope

Results: Mean penetration was 2.4280 +/-0.79 mm for Group A and 1.015 +/-0.45 mm for Group B [p < 0.001]. Maximum dye penetration score for group A was 4 and group B was 3

Conclusion: SDR technique in combination with total etch technique at the cervical margin of class II restorations improved the marginal seal, when were placed in dentine and thermocycled

Acoustical behavior of some amino acids in aqueous disodium citrate solutions over temperature range [298.15-313.15] K

Sound velocity, U, and density,Rho, of some amino acids viz. glycine, methionine, phenylalanine and tryptophan were determined in 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mol kg[-1]aqueous disodium citrate solutions as a function of concentration at 298-313.15K using DSA 5000M. The experimental data were further used to compute various acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, beta, apparent molar compressibility, phi[k], partial molar compressibility, phi°[k], transfer adiabatic compressibility, phi[ktr] constant, S[k], and the hydration number, n[h]- The transfer adiabatic compressibility shows the supremacy of hydrophilic-ionic interactions under hydrophobic-ionic interactions. The above-mentioned parameters are relevant for the efficiency of mediation in pharmacology and can be interpreted in terms of structure-making or structure-breaking ability of these amino acids in the solution

Micromechanical intervention in sandwich restoration

Objective: To evaluate the sealing ability of two different types of Glass Ionomer Cements [GICs] used for sandwich restorations and assess the effect of acid etching of GIC on microleakage at GIC-resin composite interface

Study Design: Experimental study

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Operative, DIEKIOHS [DUHS] and NED University, Karachi, from February to June 2011

Methodology: Eighty cavities were prepared on the proximal surfaces of 40 permanent human premolars [2 cavities per tooth], assigned to 4 groups [n=20] and restored as follows: Group CIE - Conventional GIC [CI] was applied onto the axial and cervical cavity walls, allowed setting for 5 minutes and acid etched [E] along the cavity margins with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, washed for 30 seconds and dried; the adhesive system was applied and light cured for 10 seconds, completing the restoration with composite resin light cured for 40 seconds; Group CIN - same as Group CIE, except for acid etching of the CI surface; Group RME - same as CIE, but using a resin modified GIC [RMGIC]; Group RMN - same as Group RME, except for acid etching of the RMGIC surface. Specimens were soaked in 1% methylene blue dye solution at 37[degree]C for 24 hours, rinsed under running water for 15 minutes, bisected mesiodistally and dye penetration was measured following the ISO/TS 11405-2003 standard. Kruskal Wallis and post Hoc tests significant differences in the microleakage among all the four groups

Results: There was a significant difference between the two groups of GICs [RMGIC and CI, p=0.001]. There was no significant difference in between the two sub-groups that is between CIN and CIE [p=0.656], and between Groups RME and RMN [p=0.995]

Conclusion: Phosphoric acid etching of GIC, prior to the placement of composite resin, does not improve the sealing ability of sandwich restorations. RMGIC was more effective in preventing dye penetration at the GIC-resin composite dentine interfaces than CI

Synthesis, Spectral investigation [[1]H, [13]C] and Anti-microbial Screening of benzophenone imines

New series of benzophenone imines with general formula Ph[2]-C=NR; R = Benzyl, 4-Fluorobenzyl, Naphthyl, Phenyl, 4-Nitrophenyl were synthesized by condensation of dichlorodiphenylmethane and different aromatic primary amines [1:1] Those imines were characterized by different physiochemical and spectroscopic techniques like melting point, elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear NMR [[1]H, [13]C]. After characterization, imines were subjected to antimicrobial activities. All compounds showed promising activity against different bacterial strains like Escherichia coli, Bacillussubtilis, Pasturellam ultocida and Staphylococcus aureus as well as fungal strains like Alternata alternaria, Ganoderma lucidium, Penicillium notatum and Trichoderma harzianum using Amoxicillin and Flucanazole as a standard drugs respectively

Single centre experience of transperitoneal radical tumour nephrectomy

Objective: To share the experience of radical nephrectomy through transperitoneal approach

Material and methods: After approval from ethical committee and the consent from patients a retrospective study vas conducted extending from January 2012 to January 2014 to identify clinical characteristics of renal ell carcinomas, staging, per operative and early post operative complications. The study included all renal cancer patients presented to Sheikh Zayed Hospital Lahore with in this specified period. Detailed history nd physical examination was performed. Haematological and radiological investigations including ibdominopelvic ultrasonography and CT scan abdomen and pelvis were performed to stage the renal umour. High resolution CT chest was performed where indicated. Radical nephrectomy performed hrough transabdominal approach and outcomes measured in terms of per-operative and early postoperative complications

Results: There were total of 50 cases. The male to female ratio was 3:2. Vlean age of patients was 52.38 [18-93] years. Most common clinical presentation was gross haematuria [66%]. The mean tumour size was 8.34 [3-24] cm. Operative findings were suggestive of tumor limited to Gerota's fascia in 40 patients [80%] and in 6 [12%] tumor was extending into renal vein or inferior vena cava. In these cases, venacavatomy had to be performed. Lymphadenectomy was performed in 2 patients [4%] who were having enlarged hilar lymph nodes. Total operative time ranged between 120 to 180 minutes. Intra-operative splenic injury was seen in 2 [4%], while aortic injury was observed in one [2%] patient. Post operatively one [2%] developed pulmonary embolism, 2 [4%] chest infection while 2 [4%] developed wound infection and 3 patients [6%] required blood transfusion. Tumour histology was clear cell in [84%], papillary transitional cell carcinoma [12%] and oncosytoma contributed 4%

Conclusion: We observed that large number of the patients presented with haematuria and most of them were male. Radical nephrectomy along-with removal of tumour thrombus is a valuable method for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma having tumour thrombus either in renal vein or inferior vena cava. Common pathological type was clear cell carcinoma

Useful ethnophytomedicinal recipes of angiosperms used against diabetes in South East Asian Countries [India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka]

This paper is based on data recorded from various literatures pertaining to ethnophytomedicinal recipes used against diabetes in South East Asia [India, Pakistan and Srilanka]

Traditional plant treatments have been used throughout the world for the therapy of diabetes mellitus. In total 419 useful phytorecipes of 270 plant species belonging to 74 Angiospermic families were collected. From the review it was revealed that plants showing hypoglycemic potential mainly belong to the families, Cucurbitaceae [16 spp.], Euphorbiaceae [15 spp.], Caesalpiniaceae and Papilionaceae [13 spp. Each], Moraceae [11 spp], Acanthaceae [10 spp.], Mimosaceae [09 spp], Asteraceae, Malvaceae and Poaceae [08 spp. Each], Hippocrateaceae, Rutaceae and Zingiberaceae [07 spp. Each], Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Verbenaceae [06 spp. Each], Apiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Solanaceae [05 spp.each]

The most active plants are Syzigium cumini[14 recipes], Phyllanthus emblica [09 recipes], Centella asiatica and Momordica charantia[08 recipes each], Azadirachta indica [07 recipes], Aegle marmelos, Catharanthus roseus, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus racemosa, Gymnema sylvestre [06 recipes each], Allium cepa, A. sativum, Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma longa [05 recipes each], Citrullus colocynthis, Justicia adhatoda, Nelumbo nucifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Ziziphus mauritiana and Wattakaka volubilis [4 recipes each]

These traditional recipes include extracts, leaves, powders, tlour, seeds, vegetables, fruits and herbal mixtures

Data inventory consists of botanical name, recipe, vernacular name, English name

Some of the plants of the above data with experimentally confirmed antidiabetic properties have also been recorded. More investigations must be carried out to evaluate the mechanism of action of diabetic medicinal plants

Toxicity of these plants should also be explained. Scientific validation of these recipes may help in discovering new drugs from these medicinal plants for diabetes

Medicinal uses of honey [Quranic medicine] and its bee flora from Dera Ismail Khan District, KPK, Pakistan

This study was carried out during 2005-2008 to identify existing plant species visited by workers of honeybees for nectar and pollen collection in Dera Ismail Khan [D.I.Khan] District, Pakistan. The honeybee species investigated in the area were, rock bee [Apis dorsata F.], little bee [A. florea F.] and European honeybee [A. mellifera L.]. A detailed list of 86 plant species both wild and cultivated was prepared, out of which 12 species, Phulai [Acacia modesta Wall.], Sarsoon [Brassica campestris L.], Kaghzi nimboo [Citrus aurantifolia L.], Khatta [C. medica L.], Malta [C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck.], Shisham [Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.], Date [Phoenix dactylifera L.], Barseen [Trifolium alexandrianum L.], Shaftal [T. resupinatum L], Makai [Zea mays L.], Ber [Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.] and Jher beri [Z. numularia [Burm. f.] Wight and Arn.,] were found as major sources [table 1] for the production of surplus honey in a year at different localities in the District. Among the minor sources various plant species were included [table 2]. These plants fill the flowering gaps between the major sources in various parts of the year and help in continuous supply of food to honey bees

Morphometric changes in talus of club foot A gross observation in human foetuses / Cambios morfométricos en talus del pie zambo, una observación macroscópica en fetos humanos

Both the feet of six human foetuses of different age groups having unilateral club feet, were dissected for morphological study. Six morphometric parameters considered for comparing gross anatomical changes in normal and deformed feet, were 1-Maximum length of the talus, 2-Longitudinal dimension of head of talus, 3-Anterior trochlear breadth, 4-Maximum medial talar height, 5-Talar neck and calcaneal angle, 6-Talocalcaneal angle. All the foetuses with congenital club feet have almost similar deformity of foot skeleton. The gross anomalies observed were the smaller size of club foot talus and increased medial and planter deviation of a stunted, misshapen head and neck region. A medial plantar subluxation of the navicular bone with a consequent deformity of the articular facets of the talar head was also observed. Uniformity and consistency of anatomical abnormalities were striking features in present study.

Para su estudio morfológico fueron disecados ambos pies de seis fetos humanos de distintas edades, uno de los pies era zambo. Seis parámetros morfométricos fueron considerados para la comparación de graves alteraciones anatómicas en los pies normales y deformes; estos fueron: 1. Longitud máxima del talus, 2. Dimensión longitudinal de la cabeza del talus, 3. Ancho troclear anterior, 4. Altura medial máxima del talus, 5. Cuello talar y ángulo calcáneo, 6. Ángulo talocalcáneo. Todos los fetos con pie zambo congénito tienen una deformidad similar del esqueleto del pie. Las anomalías graves observadas fueron el menor tamaño del talus del pie zambo, aumento de la desviación media y retraso en el crecimiento plantar, deformación de la cabeza y región del cuello talar. También se observó una subluxación medial plantar del hueso navicular, con un consecuente deformidad de las facetas articulares de la cabeza del talus. La uniformidad y consistencia de las anomalías anatómicas fueron los rasgos más llamativos en este estudio.

Role of external fixator in the management of trochanteric fractures of the femur - damage control orthopaedics

To compare the Modified AO fixator [MAO] with sliding hip screw [SHS] in the treatment of trochanteric fractures. 68 patients of both genders presenting with trochanteric fractures at Combined Military Hospital Lahore. This was a Prospective, Randomized Study. This study was conducted at the in patient surgical Unit at Combined Military Hospital Lahore from 1st June 2006 till 30 November 2007. 68 high risk patients of ASA-IVa-c with a trochanteric fracture were selected. The mean age was 73 yrs +/- . There were 17[28%] males and 45 [72%] females. There was no delay between injury and operation when treated by external fixation [mean 3.13 days, 1 to 7]. All fractures in group I united clinically and radiologically at 24 weeks. The surgery required lesser time [mean 29.35 minutes, 20 to 45], the blood loss was minimal [mean= 33.33 ml] and required a short hospital stay [mean of 3.96 days, range 2 to 7 days] as compared to the group II. At the final follow-up, 03 [8%] patients had shortening or malrotation, 02[03%] patients had varus angulation, implant failure [pin breakage] in one patient [1.4%] and pin cut out was observed in one [1.4%]. Our results confirm that the Modified AO fixator is an effective device for treating pertrochanteric fractures and is a useful alternative to conventional fixation with the sliding hip screw

Effect of different irradiation times on microhardness and depth of cure of a nanocomposite resin

To determine the microhardness and depth of cure of nanocomposite using different irradiation times on both upper and lower surfaces of composite material. In-vitro experimental study design. Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences and NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, from March to May 2010. Total 120 cylinder shaped specimens; 60 specimens for depth of cure test and 60 specimens for micro hardness test were fabricated using A3 shade of nanocomposite [Filtek Z350 XT, 3M ESPE]. For each irradiation time four groups were made [Group 1 = 20s] [Group 2 = 30s], [Group 3 = 40s] and [Group 4 = 60s]. For each group fifteen specimens were used. The resin was placed and polymerized into a cylindrical plastic mold. Depth of cure was measured by using micrometer. Micro Vickers hardness was measured on both top and bottom surfaces. SPSS-16.0 was used for statistical analysis. There was statistically significant difference in the depth of cure between all groups showing the highest value in group 4 [p < 0.001]. For hardness on top surface, there was a statistically significant difference in between groups 1 and 2 [p=0.001], groups 1 and 3 [p < 0.001], groups 1 and 4 [p < 0.001] There was no statistically significant difference between groups 2 and 3, groups 2 and 4 and in between groups 3 and 4. For hardness on bottom surface, there was statistically significant difference in between all groups showing the highest value in group 4 [p < 0.001]. Depth of cure and hardness was increased by increasing irradiation time. Hardness on the top surface was higher than bottom surface values

Knowledge about the management of avulsed toothamong Karachi school teachers

The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of school teachers regarding management of avulsed tooth. The information about the management of avulsed tooth was collected through a specifically designed questionnaire. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed among teachers of five different private schools of Karachi who were dealing with children of 6 to 12 years old. Out of 150 teachers only 100 answered the questionnaire [66%]. Majority [80%] of the teachers knew about the importance of emergency management of tooth avulsions. One third [34%] teachers answered affirmative regarding their experience with tooth avulsions. 26% said that they would replant the avulsed tooth by themselves. More than half [57%] of the teachers, preferred water as the best storage medium than normal saline. Knowledge of school teachers regarding management of avulsed tooth was unsatisfactory. It should be improved by continuous dental educational seminars in schools

Acquaintance of dental professionals in relation to emergency management of tooth avulsion in Karachi

Avulsion of permanent tooth is the most serious of all dental injuries. The prognosis depends on the measures taken at the place of accident or the time immediately after the avulsion. An appropriate emergency management and treatment plan is important for a good prognosis. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and investigate the knowledge of dental professionals about the emergency management of tooth avulsion in Karachi. Two hundred questionnaires were distributed amongst General dental practitioner, Postgraduate trainees and house officers, the questions were related to knowledge of how to treat and manage the traumatic avulsion of teeth. Out of 200 dentists targeted 50% were involved in Continuing Education Programme 25% updated their knowledge through journals and books. While rest had only information they got during their education at dental schools. The data suggested that the level of knowledge on the management of dental avulsion among dental professional in city of Karachi is adequate

Unusual rootless eruption of a permanent maxillary central incisor: a case report

This report presents a case of rootless eruption of permanent central incisor following an intrusion injury to the primary teeth

comparison of thermomechanical compaction and cold lateral condensation obturation techniques on the basis of density measurements, using digital radiographs

To compare the cold lateral condensation and the thermomechnical condensation obturation techniques by measuring the radiographic density of the obturation. Digital radiographs were used as an aid for the comparison. A total of 100 single rooted teeth mainly central incisors were divided into two groups. Group A comprised of teeth that were obturated using cold lateral condensation and Group B comprised of teeth that were obturated using thermomechanical technique. The canals of all the teeth were prepared with rotary endodontics [Protaper System] with a working distance of 21mm. During the sample preparations irrigation with EDTA was used to remove the smear layer. One group of teeth was obturated with ISO standardized gutta percha points using cold lateral condensation and the other group was obturated using thermomechanical technique [Gutta Condensors-Dentsply]. Digital radiographs were taken processed in Digora System for both the techniques. The apical area was zoomed to 4x and density measurement readings for both the techniques were recorded and compared using Digora Optime. The mean for Group A was found to be 140 while for Group B the value was 136. The difference was statistically significant [p < 0.005]. The study concluded that both the techniques are acceptable clinically. However the cold lateral condensation technique was found to be superior to thermomechanical compaction in terms of radiographic density

Incidence of three canals in maxillary first premolar-a case report

This paper reports successful endodontic treatment of a maxillary first premolar with three canals. Maxillary premolars have highly variable root canal morphology, but it is rare, especially in the first premolar, to find three canals. However, in everyday endodontic practice, clinicians have to treat teeth with atypical configurations. Extra roots or root canals if not detected are a major reason for failure. Systematic examination of preoperative X-rays and correct access. Ni-Ti rotary instrumentation technique was chosen for root canal preparation, and Canals were obturated with gutta percha cones [Sure-Endo, Seoul, Korea] and Sealapex [Ken, Sybron, USA] root canal sealer using cold lateral condensation filling technique This methology led to efficient preparation and suitable definitive root canal obturation

Inhibition of pectin-esterase activity

The inhibitory effects of p-chloromercuribenzoate, iodo-acetic acid, and 2:4 - dinitro - 1 - fluoro-benzene, on pectin-esterase, isolated from sour oranges, were studied. p-chloromercuribenzoate [5 x 102 M] inhibited 95.08% activity of pectinesterase. Application of cysteine to the system containing chloromercuri-benzoate was found ineffective to cause reversion of pectin esterase activity. 2:2 - D, [10-1 M] and iodo-acetic acid [10-1 M] produced 29.06% and 37.36% respectively inhibition of pectinesterase activity. Nitroprusside test was found positive. These findings suggest the presence of thiol group [s] which may form an integral part of active site of the enzyme